They break the huddle, and suddenly the refs come in with whistles blaring and flags flying. This could be your offense or defense. They all get lined up, but shortly before the snap, everything gets blown dead as you realize the collegians you root for can't count to 11 properly.
As you know, football is an on game. Using more than 11 guys at a time is greatly frowned upon. When a team is huddled up, it is not allowed to have more than 11 in that huddle. If a mistake happens and 12 guys huddle up, the idiot who forgot to sub out has three seconds to realize it and run off the field before his comrades break the huddle. Breaking the huddle with 12 men automatically gets you an illegal substitution flag.
Maybe your offense doesn't huddle, though. In that case, lining up with 12 gets the play blown dead before the snap. Defenses get a little more leeway, as they can line up with 12 without penalty, but they have three seconds to get the extra guy to run off the field.
On offense or defense, if the ball is snapped while a guy obviously trying to get off the field is not yet on the sideline, that's also an illegal substitution penalty. No matter how you earn it, illegal substitution is a five yard penalty. On offense , an illegal substitution penalty will be called if there are more than 11 players in the huddle at any point. On offense or defense , having 12 or more players lined up on the field when the ball is snapped also constitutes an illegal substitution, or a too many men on the field penalty.
Even if a player is in the process of running off the field, if the team has 12 players on the field when the ball is snapped they will be called for an illegal substitution or similar penalty. Illegal substitution penalties happen more often at lower levels of football, as these players are less experienced at making substitutions.
The consequence for a team being penalized for an illegal substitution is a loss of 5 yards and the down being replayed. If the penalty is called on the defense, the offensive will have the option to decline the penalty and instead take the result of the play rather than 5 yards.
This result is consistent across most football leagues from high school to professional. The CFL is the only league that differs in ruling for illegal substitution penalties, enforcing a 10 yard penalty for illegal substitutions instead of 5 yards. In football, the referee's signal for an illegal substitution penalty is both hands on top of their head with palms facing downwards.
On offense, a team can be penalized for illegal substitution if they have twelve players in the huddle at any given time between the formation of the huddle and when it breaks. On defense, illegal substitution can be called if a team has twelve players on the field at the snap of the ball, even if one of those players is attempting to leave the field of play. Illegal substitution is a five yard penalty and the down is replaying.
The offense has the option to take the result of the play rather than the five yard penalty.
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